Each roughly diamond-shaped zygomatic bone forms the anterolateral edge of their respective bony orbit. They are composed of the frontal, maxillary and temporal processes which articulate with the corresponding skull bones. In particular, the temporal process joins the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch. Continue reading Zygomatic bones
The paired maxillae primarily contribute to the nasal cavity and roof of the mouth. Each contain a maxillary sinus (one of the paranasal sinuses) that drains into the middle meatus. The bone has four processes: frontal process: articulates with the frontal bone and forms anterolateral sides of the nasal cavity plus anteromedial edges of the bony orbit alveolar process: a thickened ridge on the inferior … Continue reading Maxilla
A typical vertebra has an anterior body, two pedicles and two laminae which unite to form a ring bone from which a spinous process protrudes posteriorly and two transverse processes protrude laterally. The first and second cervical vertebra, the atlas and axis however, are atypical. The atlas no body, but instead has a short and thick anterior arch and a longer posterior arch (grooved superiorly … Continue reading Atlas & axis (C1, 2)
Bacteria can directly secrete protein toxins (exotoxins) and effectors that damage and/or allow invasion of host cells. In doing so, they aid virulence by allowing injuring host tissue and harming (e.g. by killing macrophages) or deflecting the immune system (e.g by a super-antigen response), which can help infection to spread. Protein toxins are broadly divided into cytolysins and intracellular enzymatic toxins that act on different … Continue reading Bacterial protein toxins & effectors
There are five layers to the scalp: Skin Connective tissue (vascular) Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Periosteum The superficial three layers are tightly bound so that the scalp slides over the cranium only because of the underlying layer of loose areolar connective tissue. CLINICAL CORNER: SCALP WOUNDS The dense fibrous subcutaneous tissue tends to hold the walls of superficial blood vessels open when cut, so scalp … Continue reading Scalp
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