Instead of being connected by sutures, the mandible is the only movable skull bone, articulating via the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) with the temporal bone. It may be depressed, elevated, protruded, retracted and even move side to side during grinding movements. On each side, a ramus joins the a horseshoe-shaped body an inclination, forming the mandibular angle. Notable landmarks of each ramus include the head (articulates … Continue reading Mandible
Movements of the mandible are mostly mediated by the muscles of mastication, and include: depression, elevation, protrusion, retraction and side to side grinding movements. Although depression can passively occur with gravity, it is actively mediated by the condyles being pulled forwards by the lateral pterygoid while the mandibular body pulled downwards by the digastric and infrahyoid muscles. Elevation is produced by masseter, temporalis, and medial … Continue reading Mandibular movements
Malaria is a disease caused by protists, specifically, Plasmodium vivax, knowlesi, ovale, falciparum, or malaria. These pathogens are spread by female Anopheles mosquitos (which feed on blood), although males are important in giving off the hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone, that helps the plasmodium grow. P. ovale and knowlesi are sympatric species. Risk factors pregnancy age immunosuppressed NOT sickle cell anaemia Life cycle In mosquitoes, Plasmodium exists as … Continue reading Malaria
The outer ear includes the auricle/pinna and the external auditory meatus. It funnels sound waves in the air onto the tympanic membrane, which not only vibrates in response but also divides the outer and middle ear. Blood supply mainly comes from the posterior auricular artery (a branch of the external carotid artery). Auricle The auricle is the visible part of the ear outside the head … Continue reading Outer ear
The ear is an organ of hearing and balance. It is subdivided into the outer (external), middle and inner (internal) ear. The outer ear funnels sound waves onto the tympanic membrane, which vibrates in response. This vibration is mechanically conducted via the ossicles of the middle ear to the cochlea of the inner ear where it is transformed into the electrical signals that can be … Continue reading Ear
MedMule 